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剑5Test4雅思阅读Passage1原文译文-荒野旅游的影响

2017/5/15 10:29:18来源:新航道作者:新航道

摘要:剑桥雅思系列是同学们在备考中最好的教材之一,所以同学们在备考的时候是要准备一些这方面的资料的。上海新航道雅思小编给大家带来了剑5Test4雅思阅读Passage1原文译文,希望可以帮助广大雅思考生轻松备考雅思。

   剑桥雅思系列是同学们在备考中最好的教材之一,所以同学们在备考的时候是要准备一些这方面的资料的。上海新航道雅思小编给大家带来了剑5Test4雅思阅读Passage1原文译文,希望可以帮助广大雅思考生轻松备考雅思。


剑桥雅思5阅读


  The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across the world are actively promoting their ‘wilderness’ regions — such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetland — to high-spending tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures) not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms of the proportion of the Earth’s surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important characteristic is their marked seasonality, with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year. Consequently, most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year.

  偏远地区的旅游市场从未曾像现在这么火爆。世界各国都积极地向高消费游客推广它们的“荒野”地区——如髙山、极地、沙漠、小岛和湿地。这些地区的吸引力是显而易见的:从定义上看,荒野旅游只需要很少的或者完全不需要初始投资。但是,这并不意味着发展荒野旅游不需要付出任何代价。正如1992年联合国环境与发展大会指出的那样,这些地区是非常脆弱的(即:在异常压力下是极容易被破坏的),而这种破坏不仅是就当地的生态学而言,而且还会影响到当地居民的文化。在以上方面以及就其所覆盖的地表面积的比例来说,最重要的三种脆弱环境是沙漠、高山和极地。这些地区的一个重要的特征就是显著的季节性,在每年的很多月份里都以恶劣的环境为主。因此,包括旅游在内的大多数人类活动都被清楚地限定在一年中的某些时候。

  Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the unique cultures of their indigenous people. And poor governments in these isolated areas have welcomed the new breed of ‘adventure tourist’, grateful for the hard currency they bring. For several years now, tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan. Tourism is also a key element in the economies of Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayers Rock in Australia and Arizona’s Monument Valley.

  游客来到这些地方是因为他们被优美的自然风景和当地人独一无二的文化所吸引。这些地区与外界隔绝,当地贫穷的政府很欢迎“冒险游客”的到来,这让他们获得了一种新的财政收人来源,尤其是游客带来的硬通货。近几年来,旅游业已经成为尼泊尔和不丹的主要外汇收入来源。对于诸如拉普兰和阿拉斯加等北极地区和包括澳大利亚艾尔斯岩石地区和亚利桑那纪念碑山谷在内的沙漠地区而言,旅游业也是当地经济的主要来源。

  Once a location is established as a main tourist destination, the effects on the local community are profound. When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family. In some hill-regions, this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet, because there is insufficient labour to maintain terraces and irrigation systems and tend to crops. The result has been that many people in these regions have turned to outside supplies of rice and other foods.

  一旦某地被确定为主要的旅游目的地,当地社会就会受到深远的影响。例如,如果农民在一 周内为游客搬运行李所赚的钱比他们 种一年的田赚的还要多, 他们当然会放弃农活, 而这些 农活就留给了其他家庭成员来做。在一些山区,这导致农业生产大规模萎缩,也导致当地食 品结构发生变化,因为没有足够的人手来耕地、浇灌农田或者照顾庄稼。结果使得该地区的 很多人都向外界寻求大米和其他食物供给。

  In Arctic and desert societies, year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals and fish and collecting fruit over a relatively short season. However, as some inhabitants become involved in tourism, they no longer have time to collect wild food; this has led to increasing dependence on bought food and stores. Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes. All kinds of wage labour, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems. Whatever the cause, the dilemma is always the same: what happens if these new, external sources of income dry up?

  在北极和沙漠地区,传统上,全年的生计都依赖于在相对较短的季节里所进行的捕猎、 捕鱼和果实采集活动。然而,由于某些居民从事旅游业,他们没有时间再去采集野生食品, 这使得人们越来越依赖于在商店里购买食品。 这些变化也不能全都归罪于旅游业。 各种有偿 劳动和政府发放的物资都将破坏传统的生存方式。不管原因是什么,困境却只有一个:如果 这些新的外来收入资源枯竭了,该如何是好?

  The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth in adventure tourism. Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers. In both mountains and deserts, slow-growing trees are often the main sources of fuel and water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to degradation through heavy use.

  游客对环境的影响是另一个严重的问题。人们大都会关注主要铁路沿线的土壤腐蚀问 题,但更严重的问题是乱砍滥伐,还有对水源供给所带来的影响,因为当地人需要为游客提 供食物和洗澡用的热水。在山区和沙漠地区,生长缓慢的树木是燃料的主要来源,水源供给 也会受到乱砍滥伐的影响。

  Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized. Indeed, it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal’s Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.

  过去几年里,旅游业所带来的问题越来越多。但是这没有必要成为一个问题。虽然旅游业不可避免地影响着旅游地,这些脆弱的环境和当地文化所付出的代价可以降到最低。实际上,旅游业甚至可以成为加速当地文化复兴的快车,就像尼泊尔昆布山谷的雪帕族和一些阿尔卑斯山的村庄一样。越来越多的冒险旅游业的经营者正在努力,以便确保他们的活动从长期来看有益于当地人民和环境。

  In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d’Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.

  在瑞士阿尔卑斯地区,社区决定他们未来将依靠旅游业与当地经济更有效的整合。瑞士贝伊东地区对于持续增加的别居开发采取了强制措施以限制其发展。这个地区的公共干酪产量也得到了大幅回升,给当地人提供了不依靠外来游客的更可靠的收入来源。

  Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies, who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers.

  很多北极地区的旅游目的地是被外来公司开发的。这些公司雇用短期工,将大部分利润转移到自己国家的公司总部。但是,现在一些北极社区正在自主运作旅游生意,因此能确保增加当地的收益。例如,阿拉斯加本地的公司雇用本地人开展从安克雷奇到扣赞伯的空中之旅,在那里游客可以吃到北极的食物,走在苔原上,并观看当地音乐家和舞蹈演员的表演。

  Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork. The Acoma and San lldefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery.

  美国西南部沙漠地区的当地人也采取了相同的策略。他们鼓励游客到印第安村庄和保留地参观并购买质量上乘的手工艺品和艺术品。阿科马和珊以尔德凡索这两个印第安村庄发展了高利润的陶器生意,那瓦侯和候皮这两个印第安地区在珠宝业方面也获得了类似的成功。

  Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture and their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance, because people’s desire to see new places will not just disappear. Instead, communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions, in order to balance their needs and aspirations with the demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are demonstrating that, with firm communal decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can become the norm, rather than the exception.

  当旅游业进入自己的家乡时,居住在脆弱环境地区的很多人失去了对经济、文化和环境的控制。因为人们想见识新地方的强烈愿望并不会消失,所以仅仅限制旅游业并不能消除这种不平衡。处于脆弱环境的社区必须要取得对旅游业的更大的控制力,以便平衡旅游业的要求和当地人的需求和渴望。越来越多的社区表明,通过强有力的社区决策,实现这种平衡是完全可能的。现在最棘手的问题是这种平衡的实现能否成为规范,而不仅仅是特例。



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