新航道

Passage 1

Topic

非洲传统农业系统

Content Review

Traditional Farming System in Africa

A

By tradition land in Luapula is not owned by individuals,but as in many other parts of Africa is allocated by the headman or head woman of a village to people of either sex,according to need.Since land is generally prepared by hand,one Lulupwa cannot take on a very large area; in this sense land has not been a limiting resource over large parts of the province. The situation has already changed near the main townships, and there has long been a scarcity of land for cultivation in the Valley. In these areas registered ownership patterns are becoming prevalent.

B

Most of the traditional cropping in Luapula,as in the Bemba area to the east,is based on cite,a system whereby crops are grown on the ashes of tree branches.As a rule,entire trees are not felled,but are pollarded so that they can regenerate. Branches are cut over an area of varying size early in the dry season,and stacked to dry over a rough circle about a fifth to a tenth of the pollarded area.The wood is fired before the rains and in the first year planted with the African cereal finger millet (Eleusinecoracana).

C

During the second season, and possibly for a few seasons more the

area is planted to variously mixed combinations of annuals such as

maize,pumpkins(Telfiriaoccidentalis) and other cucurbits,sweet potatoes,groundnuts,Phaseolus beans and various leafy vegetables,grown with a certain amount of rotation.The diverse-sequence ends with vegetable cassava,which is often planted into the developing last-but-one crop as a relay.

D

Richards (1969) observed that the practice of cite entails a definite

division of labor between men and women.A man stakes out a plot

in an unobtrusive manner,since it is considered provocative towards one’s neighbors to mark boundaries in an explicit way.The dangerous work of felling branches is the men’s province,and involves much pride. Branches are stacked by the women,and fired by the men.Formerly women and men cooperated in the planting work,but the harvesting was always done by the women.At the beginning of the cycle little weeding is necessary, since the firing of the branches effectively destroys weeds.As the cycle progresses weeds increase and nutrients eventually become depleted to a point where further effort with annual crops is judged to be not worthwhile:at this point the cassava is planted, since it can produce a crop on nearly exhausted soil.Thereafter the plot is abandoned,and a new area pollarded for the next cite cycle.

E

When forest is not available - this is increasingly the case nowadays

- various ridging systems (ibala) are built on small areas, to be

planted with combinations of maize, beans, groundnuts and sweet

potatoes, usually relayed with cassava. These plots are usually

tended by women, and provide subsistence.Where their roots have

year-round access to water tables mango, guava and oil-palm trees

often grow around houses, forming a traditional agroforestry

system. In season some of the fruit is sold by the roadside or in local

markets.

F

The margins of dambos are sometimes planted to local varieties of

rice during the rainy season, and areas adjacent to vegetables

irrigated with water from the dambo during the dry season. The

extent of cultivation is very limited, no doubt because the growing of

crops under dambo conditions calls for a great deal of skill. Near

towns some of the vegetable produce is sold in local markets.

G

Fishing has long provided a much needed protein supplement to the

diet of Luapulans, as well as being the one substantial source of

cash. Much fish is dried for sale to areas away from the main

waterways. The Mweru and Bangweulu Lake Basins are the main

areas of year-round fishing, but the Luapula River isalso exploited

during the latter part of the dry season. Several previously abundant

and desirable species, such as the Luapula salmon or mpumbu

(Labeoaltivelis) and pale (Sarotherodonmachochir) have all but

disappeared fro make Mweru, apparently due to mismanagement.

H

Fishing has always been a far more remunerative activity in Luapula

that crophusbandry. A fisherman may earn more in a week than a

bean or maize grower in a whole season. I sometimes heard claims

that the relatively high earnings to be obtained from fishing induced

an ‘easy come, easy go’ outlook among Luapulan men. On the

other hand, someone who secures good but erratic earnings may

feel that their investment in an economically productive activity is

not worthwhile because Luapulans fail to cooperate well in such

activities. Besides, a fisherman with spare cash will find little in the

way of working equipment to spend his money on. Better spend

one’s money in the bars and have a good time!

I

Only small numbers of cattle or oxen are kept in the province owing

to the prevalence of the tsetse fly. For the few herds, the dambos

provide subsistence grazing during the dry season. The absence of

animal draft power greatly limits peoples’ ability to plough and

cultivate land: a married couple can rarely manage to prepare by

hand-hoeing. Most people keep freely roaming chickens and goats.

These act as a reserve for bartering, but may also be occasionally

slaughtered for ceremonies or for entertaining important visitors.

These animals are not a regular part of most peoples’ diet.

J

Cite has been an ingenious system for providing people with

seasonal production of high quality cereals and vegetables in

regions of acid, heavily leached soils. Nutritionally, the most serious

deficiency was that of protein. This could at times be alleviated

when fish was available, provided that cultivators lived near the

Valley and could find the means of bartering for dried fish. The

cite/fishing system was well adapted to the ecology of the miombo

regions and sustainable for long periods, but only as long as human

population densities stayed at low levels. Although population

densities are still much lower than in several countries of

South-East Asia, neither the fisheries nor the forests and woodlands

of Luapula are capable, with unmodified traditional practices, of

supporting the people in a sustainable manner.

Overall,people must learn to intensify and diversify their productive

systems while yet ensuring that these systems will remain

productive in the future, when even more people will need food.

Increasing overall production of food, though avast challenge in

itself, will not be enough, however. At the same time storage and

distribution systems must allow everyone access to at least a

moderate share of the total.

Questions 1-4

1. In Luapula land allocation is in accordance with need

2. The citemene system provides the land with (the) ashes where crops are planted.

3. During the second season,the last planted crop is(vegetable) cassava

4. Under suitable conditions, fruit trees are planted near houses

Questions 5-8

A. fish

B. oxen

C. goats

5. be used in some unusual occasions, such as celebrations. ---C

6. cannot thrive for being affected by the pests. ---B

7. be the largest part of creating profit. ---A

8. be sold beyond the local area.--- A

Questions 9-12

9. People rarely use animals to cultivate land. ---TRUE

10. When it is a busy time, children usually took part in the labor

force.--- NOT GIVEN

11. The local residents eat goats on a regular time. --- FALSE

12. Though cite has been a sophisticated system, it could not provide enoughprotein. --- TRUE

Question 13

Choosethe correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in the box 13 on your answer sheet.

What is the writer ’ s opinion about the traditional ways of

practices? ---B

B They are not capable of providing adequate support to the

population.

Passage 2

Topic

考古发现古埃及水下遗迹

Content Review

暂缺

Passage 3

Topic

面部表情

A

A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles in the skin. These movements convey the emotional state of the individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying social information among aliens, but also occur in most other mammals ( 哺 乳 动 物 ) and some other animal species. Facial expressions and their significance in the perceiver can, to some extent, vary between cultures with evidence from descriptions in the works of Charles Darwin.

B

Humans can adopt a facial expression to read as a voluntary action.

However,cause expressions are closely tied to emotion, they are more often involuntary ( 不知不觉的).It can be nearly impossible to avoid expressions for certain emotions,even when it would be strongly desirable to do so;a person who is trying to avoid insulting an individual he or she finds highly unattractive might,nevertheless,show a brief expression of disgust before being able to reassume a neutral expression. Microexpressions( 微表情)are one example of this phenomenon.The close link between emotion and expression can also work in the other direction; it has been observed that voluntarily assuming an expression can actually

cause the associated emotion.

C

Some expressions can be accurately interpreted even between members of different species- anger and extreme contentment(满足，满意) being the primary examples.Others,however,are difficult to interpret even in familiar individuals.For instance,disgust and fear can be tough to tell apart. Because faces have only a limited range of movement,expressions rely upon fairly minuscule differences in the proportion and relative position of facial features,and reading them requires considerable sensitivity to same.Some faces are often falsely read as expressing some emotion,even when they are neutral,because their proportions naturally resemble those another face would temporarily assume.

D

Also, a person 1s eyes reveal much about how they are feeling, or

what they are thinking. Blink rate( 眨眼率)can reveal how nervous

or at ease a person may be. Research by Boston College professor

Joe Tecce suggests that stress levels are revealed by blink rates.

He- supports his data with statistics on the relation between the

blink rates of presidential candidates and their success in their

races. Tecce claims that the faster blinker in the presidential

debates has lost every election since 1980. Though Tecce 1 s data

is interesting,it is important to recognize that non-verbal

communication is multi-channeled,and focusing on only one aspect

is reckless.Nervousness can also be measured by examining each

candidates’perspiration, eye contact and stiffness.

E

As Charles Darwin noted in his book The Expression of the

Emotions in Man and Animals:the young and the old of widely

different races, both with man and animals, express the same state

of mind by the same movements. Still, up to the mid— 20th century

most anthropologists ( 人类学家）believed that facial expressions

were entirely learned and could therefore differ among cultures.

Studies conducted in the 1960s by Paul Ekman eventually

supported Darwin’s belief to a large degree.

F

Ekman’s work on facial expressions had its starting point in the work

of psychologist Silvan Tomkins.Ekman showed that contrary to the

belief of some anthropologists including Margaret Mead,facial

expressions of emotion are not culturally determined,but universal

across human cultures.The South Fore people of New Guinea were

chosen as subjects for one such survey. The study consisted of 189

adults and 130 children from among a very isolated population,as

well as twenty three members of the culture who lived a less

isolated lifestyle as a control group.Participants were told a story

that described one particular emotion;they were then shown three

pictures (two for children) of facial expressions and asked to match

the picture which expressed the story’s emotion.

G

While the isolated South Fore people could identify emotions with

the same accuracy as the non-isolated control group, problems

associated with the study include the fact that both fear and surprise

were constantly misidentified. The study concluded that certain

facial expressions correspond to particular emotions and can not be

covered, regardless of cultural background, and regardless of

whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the

mainstream.

H

Expressions Ekman found to be universal included those indicating

anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise (note that none of

these emotions has a definitive social component, such as shame,

pride, or schadenfreude). Findings on contempt (which is social) are

less clear, though there is at least some preliminary evidence that

this emotion and its expression are universally recognized. This

may suggest that the facial expressions are largely related to the

mind and each parts on the face can express specific emotion.

Questions 28-32

The result of Ekman’s study demonstrates that fear and surprise are

persistently 28 misidentified and made a conclusion that some facial

expressions have something to do with certain 29 emotions which is

impossible covered, despite of 29 emotions and whether the culture

has been 30 cultural background or 31 exposed to the mainstream.

Questions 33-38

33 the difficulty identifying the actual meaning of facial expressions

34 the importance of culture on facial expressions

35 collected data for the research on the relation between blink and

the success in elections

36 impossible to differentiate some closely related expressions

37 an indicator to reflect one’s extent of nervousness

38 the relation between emotion and facial expressions

33. C

34. A

35. D

36. H

37. D

38. B

Questions 39-40

Which Two of the following statements are true according to Ekman’s theory?

A No evidence shows animals have their own facial expressions.

B Mind controls man’s facial expressions.

C Facial expressions are concerning different cultures.

D Different spots on face convey certain state of mind.

E The definite relationship between facial expressions and state of

mind exists

39. B

40. D