新航道

Section 1

Version

Topic

V14138

旅游

Questions 1-10

1. price per night per person 8.37

2. minimum staying 2 nights

3. soap is not provided

4. the rooms are named after different types of music

5. one well equipped kitchen

6. 24 hours reception

7. valuable belongings into a safe

8. one day tour city

9. 2 days tour to see whales

10. helicopter tour is recommended

Section 2

Version

Topic

V14146

Lunette：Oceaning-going canoe 船的历史

Questions 11-15

11. Change of Lutta in 1901

B. added sail

12. Eventual sailing plan

B. around the world (global)

13. problem during the trip

A. loss of instrument (compass)

14. Sailing to M. with the purpose of

B. let it seen by more people

15. Destination of the boat

C. Victoria

Questions 16-20

A. help steer the boat

B. dock at Fisherman Wharf

C. observe marine animals

D. observe bird life

E. cooked fishes

F. take vehicles with them

G. maritime history

16. Tiny Tug: A

17. Ocean Magic: C

18. Sea Rider: F

19. Starship: E

20. Porter: G

Section 3

Version

Topic

V13140

两个大一新生聊天，关于学校的事

Questions 21-26

A. Henry   B. Jane   C. both

21. First time of the kind: C

22. Energy institute: C

23. Vocational elements: A

24. Key companies: B

25. Well-equipped lab: A

26. Good teachers: B

Questions 27-30

27. in the first year, Henry is looking forward to learn

B. survey

28. Aim of BSC module is

B. management skills

29. Energy institute is famous for

A. wave energy

30. What did Jane want to find out?

A. registration arrangement

Section 4

Version

Topic

V10138

Science and Sports

Questions 31-40

Science and Sports

Genetics and sports

Scientists found “31. performance genes”, which enable them to identify future athletes.

An important attribute is the efficient use of 32. oxygen

The variant of EPOR gene results in the high number of 33. red blood cells

Most desirable characteristics for some specific sports

Swimming

-broad shoulders

-narrow hips

- large 34. feet for thrust

long-distance running

calf muscles are 35. high in lower legs

sprinting

large 36. bones

weightlifting

short 37. arms and strong cardiovascular systems

shooting

low 38. heart rate

Methods for improving athletic performance

Sodium bicarbonate: stops muscle 39. pain

Swimming costumes which copy 40. shark skin

Passage 1

Topic

制冷剂

Content Review

Impact of refrigeration

Over the last 150 years, refrigeration’s great strides offered us ways to preserve and cool food. Refrigeration brought distant production centers and the North American population together, tearing down the barriers of climates and seasons. To look at refrigeration’s impact on consumers and industry, let us distinguish the refrigeration process from the refrigerator appliance.

Refrigeration is the process of cooling a space or substance below environmental temperature. To accomplish this, the process at first removed heat through evaporation and then later in the 1850s with vapor compression that used air and subsequently ammonia as a coolant. Refrigeration has been around since antiquity. Though its inventor, Maryland farmer Thomas Moore, first introduced the term “refrigerator” in 1803, the appliance we know today first appeared in the 20th century.

Before 1830, food preservation in the United States used time-tested methods: salting, spicing, smoking, pickling and drying. There was little use for refrigeration since the diet in the North American consisted mainly of bread and salted meats. Consumer demand for fresh food, especially produce, brought diet reform between 1830 and 1860, fueled by the dramatic growth of cities and the improvement in economic status of the general populace. And as cities grew, so did the distance between the consumer and the source of the food, led to the need of refrigeration.

Ice was first shipped commercially out of New York City, where it was cut, to South Carolina in 1799. Unfortunately, there wasn’t much ice left when the shipment arrived. New Englanders Frederick Tudor and Nathaniel Wyeth saw the potential for the ice business and revolutionized the industry through their efforts in the first half of the 1800s. Tudor, who became known as the “Ice King,” focused on shipping ice to tropical climates. He experimented with insulating materials and built ice houses that decreased melting losses from 66 percent to less than 8 percent. Wyeth devised a method of quickly and cheaply cutting uniform blocks of ice that transformed the ice industry, making it possible to speed handling techniques in storage, transportation and distribution with less waste.

Natural ice supply became an industry into itself —more companies entered the business, prices decreased, and refrigeration using ice became more accessible. By 1879 there were 35 commercial ice plants in America, more than 200 a decade later, and 2,000 by 1909. In 1907, 14-15 million tons of ice were consumed, nearly triple the amount in 1880. However, by the 1890s, using natural ice became a problem because of pollution and sewage dumping. Good sources were harder and harder to find. Signs of a problem were first evident in the brewing industry. Soon the meat-packing and dairy industries followed with their complaints. Refrigeration technology provided the solution: ice mechanically manufactured, giving birth to mechanical refrigeration.

Beginning in the 1840s, refrigerated railroad carriages were used to transport milk and butter. By 1860, refrigerated transport was limited to mostly seafood and dairy products. The refrigerated railroad carriage was patented by J.B. Sutherland of Detroit in 1867. He designed an insulated car with ice bunkers in each end. Air came in on the top, passed through the bunkers, and circulated through the car by gravity, controlled by the use of hanging flaps that created differences in air temperature.

The cars helped establish mid-Western cities, especially Chicago and Kansas City, as the slaughter centers of the country and also created regional produce specialization. Consider Georgia peaches, California grapes, peaches, pears, plums, apples and citrus, Washington and Oregon apples, pears, cherries, and raspberries, and of course, Florida citrus. The increasingly widespread distribution of fresh foods expanded markets and helped to create healthier diets of meat, produce, eggs, butter, milk, cheese and fish.

There were different car designs based upon the type of cargo, whether meat or fruit. The first refrigerated car to carry fresh fruit was built in 1867 by Parker Earle of Illinois, who shipped strawberries on the Illinois Central Railroad. Each chest contained 100 pounds of ice and 200 quarts of strawberries. It wasn’t until 1949 that a refrigeration system made its way into the trucking industry by way of a roof-mounted cooling device, patented by Fred Jones.

Despite the inherent advantages, refrigeration had its problems. Refrigerants like sulfur dioxide and methylchloride were causing people to die. Ammonia had an equally serious toxic effect if it leaked. Frigidaire discovered a new class of synthetic refrigerants called halocarbons or CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) in 1928. Then part of General Motors, the company sewed up all the patents. It released CFCs in 1930. And despite its original intent to keep its patents proprietary, this was too big an invention to keep to itself, not to mention it didn’t have its own manufacturing facility. The entire industry was allowed to use the patents and refrigeration technology switched to these new “safe” agents like Freon (which have since been banned for harming the ozone layer).Without the discovery of CFCs, says Nagengast, “Refrigeration wouldn’t have been pervasive.”

Questions & Answers

Questions 1-4

1. Refrigerated vehicles were used to transport fresh food.(1949)

2. Ice was transported and sold around US. (1799)

3. A dangerous chemical was banned.（1930）

4. The term ‘refrigerator’ was first used.(1830)

Questions 5-8

5. Containers were used to transport ice efficiently.(Frederick Tudor)

6. A cooling system was used to transport fruits by train.(J.B. Sutherland)

7. An Ice -cutting technical method which is less wasteful. (Nathaniel Wyeth)

8. A new refrigerated method was used to transport food by road. (Fred Jones)

Questions 9-13

9. In 1830, the need for fresh food led to( healthy dietary change）

10. The development of city led to （use of refrigeration system）

11. Problems caused by lack of water treatment （invention of the mechanical refrigeration）

12. Risk of death （discovery of CFC)

13. Synthetic refrigeration（ widespread use of refrigeration）

Passage 2

Topic

植被净化水系统

Content Review

Go with the flow----Reeds and Rushes clean water the green way

In recent years, it has been shown that plants, more accurately roots, play a crucial part in purifying dirty water before it enters seas and rivers. In 15th-century Britain, dirty water was purified by passing through the wetlands. People began to realize that the “natural” way of water purification was effective. The conventional mechanism of water purification used in big cities where there are large volumes of water to be purified is inappropriate in rural areas.

Dirty water from homes, farms and factories consume a lot of oxygen in the water, which will lead to the death of aquatic creatures.

Several aquatic plants are important in purifying water. The oxygen in the air is absorbed by leaves of plants, and transferred to the stems, then reaching the roots where the oxygen is released to the surrounding soil, which will bring about more micro-organism. Two different plants used to purify water are preferred by Britain and U.S. respectively. The duckweeds in lakes and pools can help purify water. However, Algae grow freely in summer and die off in winter. Its remains foul the bottom of the pool.

The artificial reed beds purify water in both the horizontal and downflow way. The reeds succeed best when a dense layer of root hairs is formed. It will take 3 years for the roots to be fully developed.

If the water is slightly polluted, the horizontal system is used. It needs a shallow excavation of 60cm deep bed.

The reeds in downflow system are planted in a bed of 60cm deep. The system consists of gravel covered with sand. Sludge is built on the top of the sand.

The downflow system needs several beds. Some are operating while others are resting for the days.

The downflow system can transfer lots of oxygen into the water. Therefore, it is efficient to remove dissolved pollutants and solid particles. However, the downflow system is complicated and needs closer supervision.

The natural way of water purification has many advantages over the conventional mechanism. The natural way needs low cost of installation, operation and maintenance. Besides, it looks attractive and can improve the surrounding landscape. It is beneficial to the wildlife.

The natural way of water purification is of great value and very important for the water purification in developing countries.

Questions & Answers

Questions 14-16 T/F/NG

14. Conventional water purification system is best for urban areas.   Not Given

(原文：This is not suitable for towns or cities, since it can not purify large amount of water, while it is a good option to the rural, which the conventional methods are less useful.)

15. Algae is helpful in purifying water.   False

（文章第三段提到Algae不像duckweed可以帮助净水反而会弄污池底）

16. Reed beds work best when they are newly planted.   False

（文章第3段提到只有当芦苇的根茎充分成长（3年）以后净水效果最佳）

Questions 17-19  diagram  ONE WORD ONLY （答案集中出现在文章第6段）

                         Downflow  system

Questions 20-24 summary 带选项   （对应文章5,6,7,8段）

The advantage of downflow system is H, however, A and F. The two advantages of horizontal system are B and D. In comparison with downflow system, horizontal system is less efficient.

Questions 25-26 multiply choice  (对应文章倒数第二段，答案集中出现)

The TWO advantages of natural water purification system mentioned in the passage

A. It uses micro-organism

B. It requires low installation cost

C. It prevents flooding

D. It is visually looking

E. It can function in all climates.

Passage 3

Topic

Life on Mars?

Content Review

P1 When people started using primitive telescope to observe the universe, they believed that there was life on Mars. Because Mars resembled Earth so much. In the 18^th century, people thought that the atmosphere on Mars was like Earth, and life on Mars had advanced culture than human beings. They constructed canals to convey water to dry areas and had fancy technology that human did not possess.

P2 While the public opinion about Mars changed because of the novel the Was of the World, written by English author H. G. Wells. He discovers the Martians have assembled towering three-legged "fighting-machines" (tripods), each armed with a heat-ray and a chemical weapon: the poisonous "black smoke". These tripods have wiped out the army units positioned around the cylinder and attacked and destroyed most of working. Life on Mars become hideous in common belief. While scientists still believed that there were complex life form on Mars.

P3 In the 1960s, pictures of Mars transferred back changed those opinions about life on Mars forever. There was only dessert on Mars and showed no evidence of life. In the 1898, the Viking program showed that there was nothing on Mars. But this opinion just lasted for that time.

P4 Two evidence changed the opinions of no life was on Mars. The first one is the ALH84001, meteorite best known for gaining intense media attention in 1996 when a group of scientists claimed to have found evidence for microscopic fossils of Martian bacteria in it, culminating in then U.S. president Bill Clinton giving a speech about the potential discovery. These claims were controversial from the beginning, and the wider scientific community ultimately rejected the hypothesis once all the unusual features in the meteorite had been explained without requiring life to be present. The second one came from the analyze of extremophile, which can endure extreme atmospheric conditions such as volcano. They may be able to survive the conditions on Mars.

P5 In the past, Mars was much different than it is today. Although the atmosphere is arid now, it was welcoming in the past. Liquid water used to flow on the surface, as shown in this picture. Both the Earth and Mars should have been frozen in their early history because the sun was weak at first, but both planets show that water was flowing, which suggests that they both must have had thick atmospheres in place to keep the surface warm. In this environment life may have once existed. But the protection of Mars disappeared and the water on Mars evaporated. So the Mars is different from Earth now.

P6 The Mars Odyssey probe showed that there is ice in the soil of Mars. While if there is ice, it indicates that there are great chance to have liquid water on Mars.

P7 To make sure of whether there is lifeform on Mars, scientists are carrying out research of Carbon 13. If there are lifeforms on Mars, through the research, scientists can be sure of that.

P8 The scientist, Friedmann, thinks that DNA analyze can give sound evidence of life on Mars. Because DNA is the foundation of life on Earth, if we can find DNA on Mars, it suggests that Mars share similar lifeform with Earth. Otherwise, Mars an Earth are just two independently evolved planets in the solar system.

Questions & Answers

Questions 27-32 段落信息匹配 （无NB）

27. Evidence of a rock found on Earth was originated from Mars.   D

（D段提到了meteorites, ALH84001，来自火星并在在南极Antarctic被发现）

28. A plan to analyze materials on Mars.   G

（第七段讲了科学家即将对分析火星土壤进行碳13分析）

29. Reason that Mars is no longer similar to Earth.   E

（第五段讲了火星失去了保护层，水分全部evaporate, 这导致Mars is different from Earth）

30. Description of an observation that water exists on Mars.   F

（第六段讲到Mars Odyssey观测到火星的土壤里混合了ice, 有ice就会有liquid water）

31. A claim that there was construction happened on Mars.   A

（第一段结尾，人们最初认为火星上有canals, convey water to equator, where is dry，canals对应了题目中说的construction）

32. The possibility of life on Earth have the same origin as Mars.   H

（文章最后一段，讲DNA是地球生命的重要组成部分，如果火星上可以发现DNA的存在，那么说明火星上的生命与地球上的生命share same resource）

Questions 33-36 Multiple choice

33. In the 18^th century, the astronomer William Herschel believe that

出题段：第一段

A. the Martians were similar to life on Earth

B. the environment on Mars resembled that on Earth

(原文中第一段提到WH的地方，他说了一句话，他认为火星人“enjoys similar environment as our own”)

C. Life on Mars are primitive (原文出现了primitive这个词，但是说的是，当人们使用primitive telescope 原始的望远镜开始观测太空的时候，人们认为火星上是有生命的)

34. the public idea about life on Mars changed in 19^th century because of 

出题段：第二段

A. scientific research

B. mass media

C. a literature work

(原文提到了小说The War of the Worlds, a science fiction novel by English author H. G. Wells, 改变了大众对火星的看法)

D. a magazine article

35. The writer said what happened in 1960s? 

出题段：第三段

A. the atmosphere changed on Mars (第三段讲1960s开始，人们收到了火星传回的图像，与之前的对火星的认识不一样，并非火星的大气改变了)

B. Scientists did research on atmosphere on Mars (没有具体提到大气研究)

C. there are evidence of life exists on Mars （1960s发现完全没有生命痕迹）

D. the earlier belief of life on Mars disproved

36. The research on extremophiles suggests that

出题段：第四段

A. certain bacterial can survive on Mars

B. the volcano on Mars are similar to those on Earth （原文提到了科学家研究发现一种微生物生存能力很强，可以在地球上的火山等极端条件下生存，也就可以在火星生存）

C. crystal can survive on Mars (crystal在本段前半部分，另一个evidence中提及)

Questions 37-40 T/F/NG

37. It was once believed that technology on Mars was more advanced that on Earth.   T （第一段中提到，Mars have fancy technologies that human can only dream about.）

38. The discovery made by Viking Probe remained unchallenged.   F

（第三段中提到了Viking Probe的发现，认为火星没有生命，紧接着说for that time，第四段开头，描述了things changed）

39. There had been great climate changes on Mars.   T

（第五段描述了Mars现在是arid, 但是一度是welcoming的）

40. The Spanish will launch probe if there are DNA found on Mars.   NG

（原文描述了一位西班牙科学家对于火星上是否发现DNA对研究的影响，没有提及题目描述信息）

Task 1

Type of questions

流程图

题目

This diagram below shows how to make soft cheese.

Task 2

Topic

科技

Type of questions

利弊类

题目

In some countries the widespread use of internet has given people more freedom to work or study at home instead of traveling to work or college.

Do the advantages outweigh disadvantages?

People & Animal

Friends

Pop star

Events

Housework

Birthdays

Daily routine

History

Objects/Things

Jewellery

Vegetables and fruits

Boat

Places

Hometown

Media

Advertisement

Emails and Letters

Internet

Abstract

Work or study

Transportation

Politeness

Sunshine

Names

Rainy days

People & Animal

Describe a thing that a wise person did/ a person who gives a clever solution to a problem.聪明的人

Describe a couple you know who have a happy marriage.幸福的婚姻

Describe someone who is a good parent.好家长

Events

Describe an enjoyable experience in your childhood.童年趣事

Describe a recent change of you.近期改变

Describe something you want to do for a long time but you haven’t done yet.想做的事

Describe an English lesson you had.英语课

Describe a sport game you’ve watch.喜欢看的运动

Describe a (long) car journey you went on.汽车旅行

Objects/Things

Describe a time that you had a free gift.免费礼物

Describe your favourite piece of clothing.喜欢的衣服

Describe a piece of art (like statue, painting).艺术品

Describe a kind of vegetable or plant.植物

Describe an occasion that you had a special cake.特殊的蛋糕

Describe an exciting book you have read.令人兴奋的书

Describe something you bought recently that you were happy with.开心购物

Places

Describe a time you went to a crowded place.拥挤的地方

Describe a place you know where people go to listen to music (such as a theatre or a music hall).听音乐的地方

Describe a leisure facility (cinema, theatre, sports center) you would like to have in your hometown.休闲设施

Media

Describe an advertisement (that you saw or liked).广告

Abstract

Describe a kind of weather you like.喜欢的天气

Describe a (good) decision someone made.一个决定

Describe a rule at your school that you agree or disagree.校规

Describe a subject of science that you learned in secondary/high school.科学课

重点话题Sample Answer

Describe an advertisement (that you saw or liked).

You should say:

Where you saw or heard it

What kind of advertisement it was

What the content of the advertisement was

And explain how you felt about this advertisement.

I would like to share the story of one of the most successful campaigns in the history of advertising. It’s the story of Apple’s “Think different” campaign. I first watched it on YouTube and I was quite impressed at that time. The commercial consisted of black and white images of 12 visionary thinkers. The people who were selected to appear in the “Think Different” campaign were bold thinkers, men and women who were not merely great in a certain field but who were also innovative and independent and who had changed the worlds in which they lived.

The reason I like it is because of the theme “Think Different”. It celebrates the soul of the Apple brand—that creative people with passion can change the world for the better. The campaign debuted on 1997.09.28 and was remarkably popular. Unlike some of Apple’s earlier major campaigns, it received glowing press write-ups.