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  作文机经

  Issue

  "In any profession--business,politics,education,government--those in power should step down after five years.The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."

  Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take.In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

  题干分析

  在任何领域中---商业、政治、教育、政府----掌权者应该在五年后就让位。这是任何机构获得成功的最好的方式：通过更新领导者而保持活力

  Outline

  Limiting the term of leadership is an effective way to prevent corruption and lack of initiatives.

  1. When leaders have no fear of losing their power, they tend to abuse their power.

  2. A new leadership usually has greater initiative and would ring in new ideas.

  3. However,in certain realms such as business it might not be o necessary to limit the term of leadership.

  4. Furthermore, new leaders often lack the necessary skill and experience to copewith existing problems; therefore, they need a period of time for adaptation.

  Argument

  The following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of Movies Galore,a chain of movie-rental stores.

  "Because of declining profits, we must reduce operating expenses at Movies Galore's ten movie-rental stores.Raising prices is not a good option,since we are famous for our low prices.Instead,we should reduce our operating hours.Last month our store in downtown Marston reduced its hours by closing at 6:00 p.m.rather than 9:00 p.m.and reduced its overall inventory by no longer stocking any DVD released more than five years ago.Since we have received very few customer complaints about these new policies,we should now adopt them at all other Movies Galore stores as our best strategies for improving profits."

  Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

  题目翻译

  以下文字出自一连锁电影租赁店--Movies Galore 拥有者的备忘录：

  “由于利润下降，我们必须压缩 Movies Galore 十家录像租赁店的营业开支。涨价并不是一个好选择，因为我们是因低价而知名的。相比较我们应该采取缩短营业时间的策略。上个月我们位于 Marston 闹市区的店营业下班时间从以前的晚上9点缩短到下午6点，并不再保留发行五年以上的 DVD 以减少总库存量。由于我们只收到了很少的关于这些新政策的客户投诉，我们应该在所有 Movies Galore 的店面实施这些政策来作为增加利润的最好策略。”

  说明：写一篇文章，阐述需要哪些具体的证据来评价这个论证过程，并解释这些证据如何削弱或强化这个论证过程。

  题目分析

  A. 前提：because of declining profits, we must reduce operating expenses at Movies Galore's ten movie-rental stores

  由于利润下降，我们必须压缩 Movies Galore 十家录像租赁店的营业开支

  we have received very few customer complaints about these new policies

  我们只收到了很少的关于这些新政策的客户投诉

  B. 结论：we should now adopt them at all other Movies Galore stores as our best strategies for improving profits

  我们应该在所有 Movies Galore 的店面实施这些政策来作为增加利润的最好策略

  C. 论据：

  1. Raising prices is not a good option, since we are famous for our low prices

  涨价并不是一个好选择，因为我们是因低价而知名的

  2. We should reduce our operating hours. Last month our store in downtown Marston reduced its hours by closing at 6:00 p.m. rather than 9:00 p.m. and reduced its overall inventory by no longer stocking any DVD released more than five years ago

  相比较我们应该采取缩短营业时间的策略。上个月我们位于 Marston 闹市区的店营业下班时间从以前的晚上 9 点缩短到下午 6 点，并不再保留发行五年以上的 DVD 以减少总库存量

  提纲(可攻击点)

  1、Marston 店的行为是否增加了利润?其利润增加是否可能是其他原因导致的?能否由此得到成功经验?还有哪些其他可能的情况?

  2、很少的关于新政策的客户投诉是否能说明客户满意?客户除了投诉之外，还有哪些表示自己不满的方法?

  3、即使 Marston 店的行为是成功的，其做法在其他店面是否同样适用?不同的店之间是否存在差异?哪些差异将导致效果的不同?

  4、造成 Movies Galore 利润下降的可能原因有哪些?是否必须通过压缩开支才能提升利润?还有哪些其他因素与利润存在更直接的关系?5、是否因为低价而知名就不能涨价?

  填空等价机经

  1. The jury's verdict was such a surprise that the populace rioted in the streets;nothing less than a reversal of the verdict could ____ them.

  A. mollify

  B. emulsify

  C. denigrate

  D. petrify

  E. disabuse

  答案：A

  解析：法庭裁决引发民众暴动，除非决定被推翻否则无法安抚。此处符合句子整体句意的只有 A 选项。其他选项意思均为无关或者错误选项。

  2. Federal efforts to regulate standards on educational achievements have been met by (i)____from the states;local governments feel that government imposition represents an undue infringement on their (ii) ____.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii)

  A. receptivity D. autonomy

  B. intransigence E. legislation

  C. compromise F. comportment

  答案：BD

  解析：大意为联邦政府的政策受到了地方政府的抵制，因为地方政府觉得这种强制做法侵犯了他们的自主权。第一空 A 选项意思无关，C 为妥协，和正确选项完全相反。第二空 E 为法规，联邦政府做法并没有违法，只是侵犯了地方政府自主权，所以不对。F 意思无关。

  3. Many popular musicians have (i) ____ new digital technologies that allow them unprecedented control over their music. These musicians use computers to (ii) ____ and modify their songs, resulting in a level of musical precision often unattainable naturally.Of course, though, as is often the case with new technologies, some traditionalists (iii) ____ these developments.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)

  A. incorporated D. energize G. balk at

  B. Synthesized E. delineate H. revel in

  C. alleviated F. recast I. retaliate

  答案：AFG

  解析：本句大意为许多流行音乐家采用了新的数码技术来创作歌曲，重塑并修改了他们的歌，这种做法受到了传统人士的反对。第一空 B 为人工合成，但用在此处意思不对，因为此处对象为技术而不是音乐。C 选项意思完全不对。第二空 DE 选项意思不对。第三空反对的意思最佳，H 完全相反，I 程度过于激烈，意思都不对。

  4. In a book that inclines to ____ an epilogue arguing that ballet is dead arrives simply as one more overstatement.

  A. pessimism

  B. misinterpretation

  C. imprecision

  D. vagueness

  E. exaggeration

  F. hyperbole

  答案：EF

  解析：本题除 EF 外另有一组同近义词为 CD，但根据句中意思，说芭蕾已死只不过是overstatement，因此正确选项为 EF，AB 选项意思无关。

  5. Not only was this writer content to leave the reading public in the dark,she seems to have ____ the role of trickster, seeding her works with apparent clues that led nowhere.

  A. rejected

  B. disdained

  C. relished

  D. participated in

  E. delighted in

  F. developed

  答案：CE

  解析：作者不仅让读者看得一头雾水，还享受扮演欺诈师的角色，在作品留下了一些明显却毫无用处的线索。只有 CE 意思符合，其它选项都存在问题且找不到匹配同近义词。

  6. William Perkins,his ____ speaking style notwithstanding,has long been seen as the moderate face of his political party.

  A. fiery

  B. genteel

  C. bumbling

  D. unremarkable

  E. affable

  F. impassioned

  答案：AF

  解析：本题关键词为 notwithstanding，因此空格内词汇应该和后面的 moderate 相反，符合这一条件的一组选项为 AF。

  数学机经

  1. The roots of the equation x^2 - x - 6 = 0 are

  A, 1 and - 5

  B. 2 and - 3

  C. 3 and - 2

  D. 5 and - 1

  E. none of the above

  答案：C

  解析：方程式可转变为(x-3)(x+2)=0, roots 也就是方式的根即为 3 和-2。

  2. Quantity A：The least prime number greater than 24

  Quantity B：The greatest prime number less than 28

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：A

  解析：大于 24 的最小质数为 29，而 B 的任何一个数字都小于 28，因此选 A。

  3. Quantity A：54% of 360

  Quantity B：150

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：A

  解析：无需具体计算 A，大致计算 360 的 50%为 180 大于 B 即可。

  4.

  Quantity A：PS

  Quantity B：SR

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：D

  解析：根据条件可知三角形为等腰三角形，但缺乏其它条件因此无法判断 PS 和 SR 的长度，无从比较，所以选 D。

  5. A merchant made a profit of $5 on the sale of a sweater that cost the merchant $15. What is the profit expressed as a percent of the merchant's cost? Give your answer to the nearest whole percent.

  答案：33%

  解析：卖了件 cost15 块的衣服，赚到了 5 元 profit，求 profit 和 cost 的百分比，也就是5/15，因为要求整数，因此约等于33%。

  阅读逻辑机经

  短篇阅读

  Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species,fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males.A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.By Fisher's genetic argument that the sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted, it should pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters.Hamilton,noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse,offered a remarkably cogent analysis.Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva,it would pay her to produce one male only,because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence.Like Fisher,Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.

  The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists

  A. conducted their research at approximately the same time

  B. sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied

  C. sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable

  D. studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory

  E. studied reproduction in the same animal species

  答案：C

  解析：定位到文章最后一句话,结合文章主旨直接得出答案。A.新内容,same time; B.新内容,manipulate;(注：sought 是 seek(寻求)的过去式;)C.答案;D. 新内容,game theory(实际上该文是由长阅读截取的,未保留的部门是有涉及博弈论的内容的),later development;E. 虽然貌似一直都在说 reproduction,但是文章主旨是强调 sex ratios.

  长篇阅读

  Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary,flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted.According to this formulation,highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization.However,the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts,even though it may be valid for the

  sciences.Difference between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences,a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act.Innovative science produces new propositions in

  terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways.Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data,serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory.The goal of highly creative art is very different:the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act.Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power;nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism.What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits,but rather an aesthetic particular.Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit,in an innovative way,the limits of an existing form,rather than transcend that form.

  This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field;the composer Monteverdi,who created music of the highest aesthetic value,comes to mind.More generally,however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization,some musical works,such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata,are of signal historical importance,but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music.On the other hand,Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention.But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather,he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits the rules,forms,and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart,Handel and Bach in strikingly original ways.

  1. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with

  A. deep skepticism

  B. strong indignation

  C. marked indifference

  D. moderate amusement

  E. sharp derision

  答案：A

  解析：

  A.深表怀疑【正确选项，作者不认为科学和艺术是一回事并且举例说明】

  B.十分不满，义愤填膺【反，但带有作者个人情绪，本文中作者并未抨击，只是持反对意见】

  C.明显的无所谓【显然是一种中立的态度】

  D.适度的兴趣(即有点兴趣)【正向评价，不选】

  E. 尖锐的嘲笑【与 B 选项同理，作者只是不同意，但并没有嘲笑】

  2. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that

  A. is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists

  B. is accepted immediately by the scientific com- munity

  C. does not relegate particulars to the role of data

  D. presents the discovery of a new scientific fact

  E. introduces a new valid generalization

  答案：E

  解析：

  a. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways.Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data,serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory.这个是关于 science 的说明，大致想表明的就是innovative science produce new propositions 但是跟 D选项的 discover new scientific fact 意思上还是有点差距的。因为文中的 propositions 主要是关于各种现象之间的关联性。并没说发现一个新的事实之类的。

  b. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular.这个就说的更加明显了，既然强调了艺术和科学的区别，然后说艺术并不是produce a new generalization，那么可以推断出就是科学 produce a new generalization 了。

  3. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?

  A. Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?

  B. Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?

  C. Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?

  答案：A B

  解析：A. 定位第一句话

  B. 定位最后一句话，「贝多芬实际是一位无人匹及的策略家，他以非凡的原创方式，把他从海顿、莫扎特和巴赫这样的前辈们那里继承来的规则、模式和约定发挥到了极致。」

  C. 选项是说同时 embody new principle 和 have high aesthetic value 的人有哪些。而整个最后一段，都在将讲「有创新和高价值不一定相关」(has little bearing) ，先是举Florentine Camerata 说创新不一定意味着 masterpiece ，然后说莫扎特《费加罗的婚礼》虽然没什么创新，仍被认为很杰出。最后讲贝多芬的意思是，大家觉得贝多芬很成功，好像是因为打破了藩篱，但他其实并没有什么颠覆性的创新。所以后面列举的人，都和「同时」满足两个条件无关。

  逻辑阅读

  Influenced by the view of some twentieth-century feminists that women's position within the family is one of the central factors determining women's social position,some historians have underestimated the significance of the woman suffrage movement.These historians contend that nineteenth-century suffragism was less radical and,hence,less important than,for example,the moral reform movement or domestic feminism—two nineteenth-century movements in which women struggled for more power and autonomy within the family.True,by emphasizing these struggles,such historians have broadened the conventional view of nineteenth-century feminism,but they do a historical disservice to suffragism.Nineteenth-century feminists and anti-feminist alike perceived the suffragists'demand for enfranchisement as the most radical element in women's protest,in part because suffragists were demanding power that was not based on the institution of the family, women's traditional sphere.

  The passage provides information to support which of the following statements about the historians discussed in the passage EXCEPT

  A. They rely too greatly on the perceptions of the actual participants in the events they study.

  B. Their assessment of the significance of nineteenth- century suffragism differs considerably from that of nineteenth-century feminists.

  C. They devote too much attention to nineteenth- century suffragism at the expense of more radical movements that emerged shortly after the turn of the century.

  答案：AC

  解析：A 错是因为那些 historians 被 20 世纪的女权运动者影响了，而不是十九世纪的女权运动者。c 错是因为事实刚好相反，他们觉得 suffrage 后面的 movement 更 radical 和更important。所以他们不会 pay too much attentions 在 suffrage 上。B 对是因为historians 是站在 20 世纪的女权主义者角度讲的，所以和当时十九世纪的女权主义者想的不一样。

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