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  作文机经

  Issue

  “It is necessary for everyone to read poetry,novels,mythology and other types of imaginative literature.”

  Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take.In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

  题目翻译

  每个人都有必要去阅读诗、小说、神话和其他的幻想类的文学作品。

  提纲解析

  1. 许多想象的作品成为文化的基础，并一直流传至今，对人类文明有着深远的影响：神化和传说。古希腊罗马神话，充满想象，对以此为基础并且同样灿烂悠久的西方文明有着深远影响。

  Ancient Greek and Roman myths,are full of imagination,and become the foundation of the western culture which is also gorgeous and old-line.Furthermore,we can find the influences of these myths from today's literature、sculpture、painting、music and architecture.

  2. 想象的作品展示给人更美好、更纯洁 unsophisticated的社会。安徒生童话Andersen is famous for his fairy tales,Ugly Duckling,蕴含在其中的同情心sympathy that it implied the ugly duckling对于世界的爱the love for the world the little mermaid对诚实、勇敢的美德的歌颂 Emperor's New Suit.

  3. Only imaginative works can provide meaning to historical events—through the use of devices设备、策略such as symbolism象征主义and metaphor隐喻、暗喻。但丁Dante神曲Divine comedy/Divina Commedia,one of the landmarks of world literature.宣扬了个性解放的思想。基督教精神的最崇高体现，将善与恶视为两极，互不相容。人要靠信仰而活着。神曲本身是一个隐喻，从黑暗的森林，到地狱hell、净界limbo/炼狱 purgatory、天堂的过程，代表由懵懂ignorant、挣扎struggle、渴望thirst for到救赎salvation的历程course。但丁希望引导读者反省人性的罪恶meditate the evils of human，思索当时混乱的局势ponder the chaotic situation at that time，并试着提出解决之道 bring forward a solution，使人达到幸福之地blessed place。更深的揭露社会现象。

  4. not everyone.

  A time is limited, 可以做更有用的事

  B 有的人没有条件。如：战区war zone的人民/非洲的挨饿的儿童hungry African children We have been brought up with fairy tales,mythologies and science fictions.

  Imaginative literature is characterized by fancy and illusion,which can inspire our imagination as well as intelligence.

  However,when we immerse in the fantasy contrived by imaginative work,we should also notice its dark side.

  Argument

  The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.

  A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms.Of the advertising firms studied those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth.These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper,it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night.

  Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument.Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

  题目翻译

  最近一项研究根据每晚平均睡眠时间对300名男性和女性Mentian广告经理需要的睡眠总量与他们公司的成功之间的关联。被研究的广告公司中，那些报告每晚需要的睡眠不超过6小时的经理有较高的利润率和较快的增长。这些结果表明，如果一个企业想要成功，就应该雇佣那些每晚只需要不超过6小时睡眠时间的人。

  写一篇回应文章，探讨上述论据中明示和/或隐含的假设，并解释该论据如何建立在这些假设之上;如果这些假设不合理，会对该论据产生什么影响";

  提炼结论

  如果一个企业想要成功，就应该雇佣那些每晚只需要不超过 6 小时睡眠时间的人。

  参考提纲

  1. 作者想通过这个研究来证明睡眠总量和公司的成功有关联，可是他没有提及研究是谁做的，政府还是个人。而且300人的样本数不够大，受访者的男女比例没有提及，他们是否具有代表性。研究的问题也许有很多个，仅仅只有一两个是有关睡眠和成功的，得出的结果不一定具有参考性。

  2. 作者没有考虑到一个企业要成功，不是只有靠经理的，没有提及整个团队的员工在企业成功中发挥的作用。

  3. 作者只是调查了广告公司的情况，没有考虑到其他行业，无法令人信服的说所有企业要成功，都要像广告公司这样。

  4. 作者没有去调查其他的一些成功的企业，也许他们的经理具有更高的效率，每天睡眠总量超过 6 小时，同时也有很好的收益。

  填空等价机经

  1. Blake's reputation for weakness is _____: almost all who have worked with him say he is a disciplined,intellectually formidable,and very tough politician.

  A. specious

  B. pervasive

  C. irreversible

  D. trivial

  E. ambivalent

  参考答案：A

  题目解析：A:B 前后构成同义解释关系，后面说Blake讲原则，令人敬畏，所以前面部分填入表示 weakness 是“不存在”类别词汇。

  2. With the rate of technological (i)_____accelerating—many people now consider a personal computer (ii)_____after three years—the question of how to properly dispose of old equipment is no small matter.

  Blank (i)              Blank (ii)

  A. affordability      D. outdated

  B. complexity        E. familiar

  C. obsolescence     F. inestimable

  参考答案：C D

  题目解析：这题的意思是当科技过时加速时候，现在很多人都觉得电脑用三年就过时了--对于如何处置旧的装置已经不是个小问题了。破折号是进一步解释前面的意思。题目意思看懂了后就能很快选出 2 个相近的意思的选项，即是 CD.

  3. It may be that a kind of pendulum is built into United States politics: if a particular interest group scores a major victory, its supporters (i) _____ and its adversaries (ii) _____ their efforts, so that the victory is soon (iii) _____ .

  Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)

  A. consider new possibilities D. abandon G. reversed

  B. grow complacent E. redouble H. augmented

  C. become even more focused F. defend I. institutionalized

  参考答案：B E G

  题目解析：Pendulum=n. 钟摆;摇锤;摇摆不定的事态

  blank 1：supporter 的 xx 做法或是状态会对 particular interest group 起到一个负方向的作用，所以 grow complacent

  blank 2：adversaries 竞争对手的 xx 做法或是状态会对自己产生正方向的作用，所以只有redouble 加倍努力

  blank 3：那么 particular interest group 的胜利 victory 就会失败，就是负方向的作用，所以 reversed 推翻, 取消，使倒退, 逆转

  4. Retrofitted with stabilizing devices, some of which _____ its aesthetics,the bridge has been reopened,no longer prone to excessive swaying but not quite the breathtaking structure it originally was.

  A. impair

  B. resist

  C. improve

  D. enhance

  E. restore

  F. compromise

  参考答案：A F

  题目解析：这座桥用了一些稳固装置进行翻新以后，其中一些(some of which)【破坏】了它的美观，这个桥重新开放以后，不再会倾向于(prone to)像以前那样过分的摇晃了，但是也没了原本会令人惊讶叹服的外观结构。所以根据最后 no longer... but not 判断桥更稳固但是牺牲了美观，因此前面应该是负评价，答案为 AF 损坏。resist 对抗，抵制;improve 提高，改进; enhance 提高，增加; restore 修复。

  5. Mr.Hirsch says he will aim to preserve the foundation's support of _____thinkers, individuals who are going against the trends in a field or an acknowledged set of opinions.

  A. iconoclastic

  B. integrative

  C. doctrinaire

  D. heterodox

  E. dogmatic

  F. synthesizing

  参考答案：A D

  应当选择的词汇是表达反对意见,跟后面的 against 相呼应的词汇。首先这个句子个结构简单，所以要找到里面的对等部分，要么是同义要么是反义，这句里没有强烈反义词汇，所以基本直接断定同义。再看句子就知道找和against the trends in a field or an acknowledged set of opinions同义的词汇，所以就是heterodox 和iconoclastic。

  6. In France cultural subsidies are _____:producers of just about any film can get an advance from the government against box-office receipts, even though most such loans are never fully repaid.

  A. ubiquitous

  B. invaluable

  C. sporadic

  D. scanty

  E. questionable

  F. omnipresent

  参考答案：A F

  题目解析：本题题眼应该是 get an advance from the government，所以对于subsidies的态度应该是正向的，选项中只有AF有正向含义。Even though 后的负评价有一定的干扰性但是题目中用fully弱化了这一负评价，而且even though句子的重点本来就不在even though后面是另一句话，也就是 producers of just about any film can get an advance这里，尤其是这里的any，已经很明显的暗示了 AF。

  数学机经

  1. Quantity A: The least prime number greater than 24

  Quantity B: The greatest prime number less than 28

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  参考答案：A

  题目解析：prime number=质数，比24大的质数中最小的是29，比28小的质数中最大的是23，因此选A。

  2. Quantity A：54% of 360

  Quantity B：150

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  参考答案：A

  题目解析：不用去算54%*360，只要知道360的一半是180，A超过了，所以比B大，因此选 A。

  3. When the decimal point of a certain positive decimal number is moved six places to the right,the resulting number is 9 times the reciprocal of the original number. What is the original number?

  参考答案：如果一个数的小数点右移6位，那么结果将是这个数的倒数的9倍.

  设这个数为x，列出等式：1000000x=9/x，解得 x=0.003

  4. In the xy-plane,a quadrilateral has vertices at (–1,4), (7,4), (7,–5), and(–1,–5). What is the perimeter of the quadrilateral?

  A. 17

  B. 18

  C. 19

  D. 32

  E. 34

  参考答案：E

  题目解析：笨办法是自己画坐标轴然后计算，但仔细观察四组坐标会发现各有两组的某一个值相同，因此实际构成一个长方形。最后周长为34。

  5. Three pumps,P,R,and T,working simultaneously at their respective constantrates,can fill a tank in 5 hours.Pumps P and R, working simultaneously at their respective constant rates,can fill the tank in 7 hours.How many hours will it take pump T,working alone at its constant rate,to fill the tank?

  A. 1.7

  B. 10

  C. 15

  D. 17.5

  E. 30

  正确答案：D

  题目解析：根据题目条件，设三个泵各自速率为p,r,t。列出等式:(p+r+t)*5=(p+r)*7，算出p+r=2.5t，然后设 T 独自工作需要时间为x，列出等式：(p+r)*7=t*x，代入上个式子的结果,x=2.5*7=17.5。

  阅读逻辑机经

  短篇阅读

  Ragwort was accidentally introduced to New Zealand in the late nineteenth century and,like so many invading foreign species,quickly became a pest.By the 1920s,the weed was rampant.What made matters worse was that its proliferation coincided with sweeping changes in agriculture and a massive shift from sheep farming to dairying.

  Ragwort contains a battery of toxic and resilient alkaloids: even honey made from its flowers contains the poison in dilute form. Livestock generally avoid grazing where ragwort is growing,but they will do so once it displaces grass and clover in their pasture.Though sheep can eat it for months before showing any signs of illness,if cattle eat it they sicken quickly,and fatality can even result.

  1. The passage suggests that the proliferation of ragwort was particularly ill-timed because it

  A. coincided with and exacerbated a decline in agriculture

  B. took place in conditions that enabled the ragwort to spread faster than it otherwise would have done

  C. led to an increase in the amount of toxic compounds contained in the plants

  D. prevented people from producing honey that could be eaten safely

  E. had consequences for livestock that were more dramatic than they otherwise would have been

  参考答案：E

  第二句说ragwort的繁殖赶上了新西兰农业的变化——从养羊到养牛;而最后一句话又说这种草对牛的危害更大,so the proliferation of ragwort was particularly ill-timed。E选项：相比于其他方面，这种草对家畜的影响更为巨大

  2. The passage implies which of the following about the problems ragwort poses to dairy farmers?

  A. Milk produced by cows that eat ragwort causes illness in humans who drink it.

  B. Ragwort can supplant the plants normally eaten by cattle.

  C. Cattle, unlike sheep, are unable to differentiate between ragwort and healthy grazing.

  参考答案：B

  尽管 A 有可能正确，但是文章里没有任何Support。B由 Livestock generally avoid grazing where ragwort is growing,but they will do so once it displaces grass and clover in their pasture.支持，C完全超出文章之外。

  长篇阅读

  What causes a helix in nature to appear with either a dextral(right-handed,or clockwise)twist or a sinistral(left-handed,or counterclockwise)twist is one of the most intriguing puzzles in the science of form.Most spiral-shaped snail species are predominantly dextral.But at one time, handedness(twist direction of the shell)was equally distributed within some snail species that have become predominantly dextral or,in a few species,predominantly sinistral.What mechanisms control handedness and keep left-handedness rare?It would seem unlikely that evolution should discriminate against sinistral snails if sinistral and dextral snails are exact mirror images,for any disadvantage that a sinistral twist in itself could confer on its possessor is almost inconceivable.But left-and right-handed snails are not actually true mirror images of one another.Their shapes are noticeably different.Sinistral rarity might,then,be a consequence of possible disadvantages conferred by these other concomitant structural features.In addition,perhaps left- and right-handed snails cannot mate with each other,having incompatible twist directions. Presumably an individual of the rarer form would have relative difficulty in finding a mate of the same hand,thus keeping the rare form rare or creating geographically separated right- and left-handed populations.

  But this evolutionary mechanism combining dissymmetry,anatomy,and chance does not provide an adequate explanation of why right-handedness should have become predominant.It does not explain,for example,why the infrequent unions between snails of opposing hands produce fewer offspring of the rarer than the commoner form in species where each parent contributes equally to handedness.Nor does it explain why,in a species where one parent determines handedness,a brood is not exclusively right-or left-handed when the offspring would have the same genetic predisposition.In the European pond snail Lymnaea peregra,a predominantly dextral species whose handedness is maternally determined,a brood might be expected to be exclusively right-or left-handed—and this often occurs.However,some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand,and in predominantly sinistral broods, the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high.

  Here,the evolutionary theory must defer to a theory based on an explicit developmental mechanism that can favor either right- or left-handedness.In the case of Lymnaea peregra,studies indicate that a dextral gene is expressed during egg formation;i.e.,before egg fertilization,the gene produces a protein,found in the cytoplasm of the egg,that controls the pattern of cell division and thus handedness.In experiments,an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs,but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs.One explanation for the differing effects is that all Lymnaea peregra eggs begin left-handed but most switch to being right-handed.Thus the path to a solution to the puzzle of handedness in all snails appears to be as twisted as the helix itself.

  1. The second paragraph of the passage is primarily concerned with offering possible reasons why

  A. it is unlikely that evolutionary mechanisms could discriminate against sinistral snails

  B. sinistrality is relatively uncommon among snail species

  C. dextral and sinistral populations of a snail species tend to intermingle

  D. a theory based on a developmental mechanism inadequately accounts for the predominance of dextrality across snail species

  E. dextral snails breed more readily than sinistral snails,even within predominantly sinistral populations

  参考答案：B

  线索很明显在第二段.A选项为误导选项,其与第二段的第一句很像,如果只看这句就做题可能会被误导。但题目问的是"offering possible reasons" why, 这是第二段中间的Sinistral rarity might....才明说. 此句说造成的sinistral rarity这样的结果可能是也由下面concomitant structural features造成, 所以此句当然也就是那些possible reasons要解释的。

  2. It can be inferred from the passage that a predominantly sinistral snail species might stay predominantly sinistral for each of the following reasons

  EXCEPT for

  A. a developmental mechanism that affects the cell-division pattern of snails

  B. structural features that advantage dextral snails of the species

  C. a relatively small number of snails of the same hand for dextral snails of the species to mate with

  D. anatomical incompatibility that prevents mating between snails of opposing hands within the species

  E. geographic separation of sinistral and dextral populations

  参考答案：B

  A 选项的理由可在最后一段找到;B,C,D,E选项的线索都在第二段,但B选项是 advantage‘dextral'snails而不是sinistral snails.B中的 structure feature在文中是用来解释右旋比左旋更有优势。而题目问的是,左旋物种一直保持左旋的原因。即,structure feature可以解释左旋比右旋少,但是不能解释为何左旋物种一直保持左旋，所以选 B。

  逻辑阅读

  The painter Peter Brandon never dated his works,and their chronology is only now beginning to take shape in the critical literature.A recent dating of a Brandon self-portrait to 1930 is surely wrong.Brandon was 63 years old in 1930,yet the painting shows a young, dark-haired man—obviously Brandon, but clearly not a man of 63.

  Which of the following, if justifiably assumed, allows the conclusion to beproperly drawn?

  A. There is no securely dated self-portrait of Brandon that he painted when he was significantly younger than 63.

  B. In refraining from dating his works, Brandon intended to steer critical discussion of them away from considerations of chronology.

  C. Until recently, there was very little critical literature on the works of Brandon.

  D. Brandon at age 63 would not have portrayed himself in a painting as he had looked when he was a young man.

  E. Brandon painted several self-portraits that showed him as a man past the age of 60.

  参考答案：D

  文中依据：1.Brandon在1930年已经63岁了。

  2. 画像是Brandon年轻时的样子。结论：Brandon的自画像不是1930年画的。所以，只有假设“Brandon63岁时不会画自己年轻时的样子”成立，才能推出结论。所以正确选项 D。

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