新航道

   每周三的名师说栏目

   特为广大烤鸭、托友而设

   专门请资深雅思、托福专家

   以专题方式为大家讲解各类备考干货

   前六期还没看过的可以戳链接看回顾

   名师说第一期|目标雅思口语7分该怎样练习?

   名师说第二期|雅思语法中容易混淆的概念

   名师说第三期|托福写作该怎么举例子?

   名师说第四期|三步教你搞定托福口语task1的三选一题型

   名师说第五期|教你解决托福阅读简化句子题

   名师说第六期|托福听力之生僻的学科词汇真的不要背!

  今天第七期为我们带来干货内容的是

  上海新航道托福阅读导师—易艳

  她为我们带来的内容是

  详解托福阅读推理题

  易艳

北京语言大学教育学硕士

曾赴英国谢菲尔德大学交换学习

  详解 托福阅读推理题

  在托福阅读众多的题型中，推理题是难度系数仅次于文章总结题的题型，也是学生想要冲击高分必须重点攻破的题型。

  推理题的难点在于两个方面：

  一是正确答案在原文没有明确阐明，学生必须根据原文的内容进行相应的推理。

  二是推理的过程必须是一步推理，如果像柯南一样层层深入进行发散思维，那么错误率反而会提高。

  一般来说，托福阅读的推理题有三种常见类型：

  比较推理

  时间推理

  归纳推理

  比较推理

  原文出现了两个互相比较的事物，需要根据其中一个的特征反推出另外一个事物的特征。

  比如TPO20 Passage1 Question11：

  原文：First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850’s steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats.

  问题：Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about flatboats and keelboats?

  A. They ceased to be used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.

  B. They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.

  C. They were used for long-distance but not for regional transportation.

  D. They were used primarily on the Erie Canal.

  原文把steamboat和flatboats and keelboats进行比较，说steamboat不仅更快而且费用是十分之一，那么取反推理一下就是flatboats and keelboats不仅更慢而且更贵，所以正确答案是B。

  比较推理常见词汇和短语：by contrast，compared with，on one hand，on the other hand, different from，unlike等。

  时间推理

  一般是对比两个时间段，原文出现了其中一个时间段的事件或事物特征，需要推理出另外一个时间段的事件或事物特征。

  比如TPO6 Passage2 Question3：

  原文：This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height.

  问题：Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?

  A. Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.

  B. Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.

  C. Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.

  D. Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.

  原文给的时间段是蒸汽火车头之前，运河建设达到了顶峰，那取反推理一下就是蒸汽火车头之后，运河建设下降了，所以正确答案是B。

  时间推理常见标记词：before，after, ago, present, future等。

  归纳推理

  根据原文给出的不同事物共有的特点和属性归纳推理出相应的结论。

  比如TPO26 Passage2 Question10：

  原文：The term retreat is applied to the short-term escape behavior of desert animals, and it usually assumes the pattern of a daily rhythm. Birds shelter in nests, rock overhangs, trees, and dense shrubs to avoid the hottest hours of the day, while mammals like the kangaroo rat burrow underground.

  问题：It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that all of the places desert animals retreat to

  A. provide shade from the sun

  B. sometimes become crowded

  C. are places where supplies of food are plentiful

  D. leave the animals vulnerable to predators

  原文给出的信息是鸟类会躲在巢穴里、悬石下、树上或者密集的灌木丛里，哺乳动物则会在地下打洞，共同的属性就是都要躲避太阳，那归纳推理出的结论就是沙漠里的动物都是躲在能够遮阴的地方，所以正确答案是A。

  推理题解题的步骤：

  1. 通过题干里的关键词找到对应的原文

  2. 分析上下文，判断一下推理类型，得出相应的结论。

  比如TPO17 Passage3 Question1：

  Paragraph 1: A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

  1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?

  A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.

  B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.

  C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.

  D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.

  根据题干里的commensalism找到对应的原文是第2句话，说主要有三种共生关系：parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. 接着下文第三句话讲第一个和第三个是关键因素，也就是parasitism和mutualism是关键因素，暗含了比较推理在里面，那取反推理一下就是commensalism不是那么关键，所以正确答案是C。

   今天的讲解就到这里啦~

    学科词汇背不背的问题你get了吗?

    对这篇文章有任何问题

    或者下一期想听哪位老师讲解

    想听关于雅思、托福、SAT的什么干货

    都欢迎下方留言~

    小航一定会竭尽所能为大家答疑解惑!